Appendix testis (Hydatid of Morgagni)

The development of testis starts in very early fetal life with the first 'kidney'- the pronephros, which does not function. The second kidney appears in the fourth week, as the pronephros is degenerating, and is the mesonephros with its mesonephros duct. This mesonephros also degenerates, but the mesonephric duct persists (the Wolffian duct), which in male persists and develops into the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles. In females this Wolffian duct degenerates, but the paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian ducts) grow and develop into the female genital tract. The Mullerian ducts do not persist in the male( due to the secretion of Mullerian inhibiting substance), apart from the most cranial end which persists as the appendix testis (hydatid of Morgagni) on the upper pole of testis.

Von Recklinghausen's disease/ Neurofibromatosis

Cafe au lait spots.


Under GA for a lump excision.

White bile/ Leukobilin

Aspirating white bile from the gall bladder.
White bile develops when both cystic and common bile duct are blocked.
It can be found in both malignant and benign forms of Jaundice, but malignancy (GB, Pancreas) is a more common cause.
Rare causes are Phosphorus poisoning and congenital deficiency of liver cells

Advanced Osteosarcoma of left thigh

Getting ready for left hip joint disarticulation.

Local Gigantism

 Local gigantism is a condition in which a certain part of the body acquires larger than normal size due to excessive growth of the anatomical structures or abnormal accumulation of substances. It is more common in fingers and toes, where it is termed macroodactyly.

This is broadly classified into two:
CONGENITAL:

1. Klippel Trenaunay Weber syndrome
2. Maffucci syndrome
3. Macrodystrophia lipomatosa
4. Nerurofibromatosis
5. Lipoatrophic diabetes
6. 
   
   Proteus syndrome, which affected the elephant man:
   
   
   

ACQUIRED:

1. Inflammation
2. Tumors - osteoid osteoma, melorheostosis, lipofibromatous hamartoma

3. Arteriovenous malformations (before the closure of epiphysis in long bones)
4. Elephantiasis (S-E Asia, filariasis)
5. Still's disease
6. Amyloidosis
7. Acromegaly
Treatment ranges from antibiotics to correction of the underlying anatomic anomaly.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Cutaneous SCC