Appendix testis (Hydatid of Morgagni)

The development of testis starts in very early fetal life with the first 'kidney'- the pronephros, which does not function. The second kidney appears in the fourth week, as the pronephros is degenerating, and is the mesonephros with its mesonephros duct. This mesonephros also degenerates, but the mesonephric duct persists (the Wolffian duct), which in male persists and develops into the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles. In females this Wolffian duct degenerates, but the paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian ducts) grow and develop into the female genital tract. The Mullerian ducts do not persist in the male( due to the secretion of Mullerian inhibiting substance), apart from the most cranial end which persists as the appendix testis (hydatid of Morgagni) on the upper pole of testis.

Hyperparathyroidism

Intraoperative views of enlarged right inferior parathyroid gland.

X-ray showing marked subperiosteal bone resorption due to increased parathyroid hormone.

CT scan showing right ileal bony cyst/ lytic lesion/ brown tumor due to increased PTH.

Von Recklinghausen's disease/ Neurofibromatosis

Cafe au lait spots.


Under GA for a lump excision.

White bile/ Leukobilin

Aspirating white bile from the gall bladder.
White bile develops when both cystic and common bile duct are blocked.
It can be found in both malignant and benign forms of Jaundice, but malignancy (GB, Pancreas) is a more common cause.
Rare causes are Phosphorus poisoning and congenital deficiency of liver cells

Advanced Osteosarcoma of left thigh

Getting ready for left hip joint disarticulation.

Radio-cephalic fistula

Pectus excavatum